Recently, I was interviewed by a writer doing an article about the effectiveness of creative writing critique groups--which are a lot like formal workshops, except, perhaps, they are not attached to university based writing programs.

The interviewer asked if I recommended critique groups for new or established writers, and if so, what kind or quality of critique group would I suggest to a writer seeking guidance and support.

Here is the gist of what I said:

1) Workshops in university writing programs usually have a professor or facilitator to keep the commentary moving and to make certain that the more vocal members of the group don't filibuster. So that is the first suggestion. Don't join a critique group unless there's a strong organized leader, someone who is able to exert control on members.

2) The leader should not be a member of the group (someone who shares work). Rather, he/she should be an objective overseer. Preferably, the group will pay the facilitator so that he/she remains loyal to the regularity and the good health of the group and has an interest in seeing that continues onward.

3) The facilitator or leader should also be an active gatekeeper--making certain that workshop participants, more or less, are on the same basic level of achievement. This is important. You, as a member of an informal critique group, should be learning from the participants you are sharing your time and work with. It may be an ego trip to be the most accomplished or "expert" in the room, but it rarely does your work any good.

Those are some of the basic considerations when choosing your critique group, that is, if you feel you must be a part of a group--not that I am discouraging writers to join or form critique groups. The reason I am a full-time writer today is because I was motivated at the right time and by the right facilitator in an informal critique group.  But I was fortunate.

It would be interesting to learn about your critique groups.  Write and share your experiences with my readers—for better or worse.

Hi!

I am doing a PhD on the construction of visibility in the first publications of two West-African women writers. Both texts are semi-autobiographical and have strong links with aspects of the writer's own lives. However, some characters/aspects of the narratives are clearly creative interventions by the writers. Since I am devoting a chapter to narrative techniques, I would really like to know whether it would be fruitful to pursue the idea that the constraints placed on self-presentation by women in traditional societies sometimes impels them to "colour" the truth by presenting their multi-faceted identities through various personas etc. This would be in an effort to avoid censure and to present personal, cultural, religious and political truths, as they interpret them? One of the two writers wrote her novel in 1979, and was rooted in her own socio-cultural milieu, whilst the other currently writes about her country and its people from the diaspora. The current writer's discourse is much less "veiled", and I am focusing on a contextualised comparison of the two writings.

Thanks!
Rizwana

*** 

Sounds like an interesting project. I am not certain, however, that the constraints you are referring to regarding self-presentation in restrictive societies are a lot different than constraints other writers feel forced to rely on when they have something to hide—something that might hurt them or take advantage of innocent victims. I think the difference today has to do with the fact that so many people want to out themselves, their friends and their families for therapeutic reasons. That wasn't happening very often in 1979. I do, however, think that this might be a very fruitful subject to investigate, especially if you can include a writer's motivations to pursue certain narrative techniques.

Lee
 

A lot of people have a lot of questions about creative nonfiction, but I've noticed that a majority of those questions are similar. So, in an attempt to broaden the reach of my answers, I've decided to post some of your questions with my answers here on my blog.

The hope is that this blog will serve as a viable source of information, as well as a platform for a larger conversation about the genre we all love--or hate. So, please feel free to leave feedback and comments.

If you've got a creative nonfiction question for me, email it to askCNF@gmail.com, and who knows, your question may find its way onto this blog.

***

Hello Dr. Gutkind,

I am an MFA student at the University of Texas-Pan American. For my creative nonfiction thesis, I embarked on a journey to learn about my great-great-great-great uncle, Cleng Peerson, who arranged for the first organized group of Norwegian immigrants to come to America and established their settlement in what is now Kendall, New York. My thesis chair suggested that I weave my own family stories into Cleng's. It has been an emotional journey in many ways.

For my critical introduction, I have the task of defining the creative nonfiction sub-genre where my piece fits. Obviously, it is genealogy with a twist. I have explored and discounted the idea of memoir because my story spans from childhood to the present. I have also considered new journalism, but I am leaning toward personal essay.

I had an idea this evening after re-reading your pieces, "Becoming the Godfather of Creative Nonfiction" and "What is Creative Nonfiction" and listening to the videos on this site. I decided to turn to an expert in the field to request your opinion on where my piece would fit along the CNF spectrum. I realize you have not read my thesis but thought you might have an idea given the information of how the thesis has developed.

I sincerely appreciate your time and your opinion.
Sincerely,

Christine Ardis
McAllen, Texas

p.s. I love the idea of the Yellow Test!!!!

Christine,

I guess I don't see why a sub-genre has to be discussed or named. Professors don't ask poets or novelists to name a sub-genre, then why nonfiction writers? I don't get it. From my point of view, you are writing creative nonfiction. Period. Bowing to the eccentricity of your professor, though, you could also say you are writing memoir with a parallel narrative. Hope this help.

Lee

***

Hi godfather! I have a question.

I am enrolled part-time in a graduate writing program here in Birmingham, UK, at the university where I teach. I appear to be the only person interested in non-fiction. The only related class is called 'Life Writing,' and every time I describe what I am working on, one of the professors says, “That would make a great short story!”

How can I convince them of the value of creative non-fiction as a genre? I am thinking of giving out lots of your mugs.

Kathleen Dixon Donnelly


Kathleen,

The mugs are a good beginning. And if you are in Birmingham, then fill them with beer--not coffee. But it sounds to me as if these people don't know what creative nonfiction is. You can't convince people of the value of something that they don't know exists. Here's a deal for you: I will donate a free copy of a back issue of the journal for every mug you buy to present them. They can read creative nonfiction while they are drinking from it!

Lee

***

Hi CNF,

I have a book manuscript, and have been calling it creative nonfiction, but is it?

I've been a member of CNF for over a year, and have had a hard time calling myself a member of CNF, because what I've written doesn't seem to fit with what CNF publishes. My manuscript is a spiritual book (not a religious book; it adheres to no one religion); it's about the mysticism that underlies all religions; it's experiential, rather than scholarly. It's been through three drafts and is due for more revision. It is nonfiction, and contains interviews I've conducted as well as anecdotes from my own spiritual life. It also contains poetry, mine and others'. It reports visions and significant dreams that my interviewees and I have experienced. It's somewhat irreverent and humorous.

I'm a former academic, and am not interested in this book being academic, so it isn't, even though it does cite quite a few sources. It's about hearing and following the Inner Voice, as many creative people do; it's tentatively called The Voice for God. I am having a hard time finding a group which deals with this kind of nonfiction.

Is my manuscript creative nonfiction? Is there another writers' group that I would be better off joining? Thank you for considering these questions.

Nancy Schuster, Ph.D.

Nancy,

Sounds like you have not only joined Creative Nonfiction as a subscriber, but also as a member of the very popular club called: "Am I writing creative nonfiction--and if not, what do I call it?"

I get notes like this all the time, and the fact is, the question can't literally be answered without a careful read. And even with a careful read, experts will disagree. Reading your e-mail, it does look like most of what you are doing is honest narrative, some of it reportage and some of it memoir. There's poetry, which certain can also be classified on occasion as creative nonfiction. Just because it is spiritual doesn't disqualify it from the realm of creative nonfiction. Most of the best literature of any genre is spiritual. I know this probably has not answered your question--but it is a hard question to answer sight unseen.

As far as your group, well, it sounds like you are above and beyond your group. Perhaps you ought to seek an expert teacher or mentor to help you focus. Sometimes one-on-one with a trusted teacher is the best way to gain clarity.

Lee

Recently, I recieved the following correspondence from Kathy Tarr, administrative director of the low residency creative writing program at the Univeristy of Alaska:

"Yesterday," writes Tarr, "I was reading NEA's new report which came by mail to our office. The report 'Reading on the Rise: A New Chapter in American Literacy' was a welcome one, indeed! Americans are reading MORE, the NEA says. What writer wouldn't be jumping up and down with this kind of news?

"But when I looked over their KEY FINDINGS on page 3, here's what I found:

"'In this report, "literary" reading refers to the reading of any novels, short stories, poems, or plays in print or online...'

"But wait! Where is NONFICTION? What are essays and books of narrative nonfiction--chopped literary liver?"

Tarr believes that in the eyes of the NEA, there appears to be "a hierarchy of genres" and nonfiction is on the bottom, behind poetry, fiction and drama."

And she's right. In fact, the NEA did not even include creative nonfiction as part of its creative writing fellowship program until 1985; meanwhile, they'd been giving money to poets and novelist since the 1960s!

Tarr says that the NEA claims that "FICTION is responsible for the new growth in adult literary readers. But, " she continues, "if the NEA had only asked their survey respondents if they'd read any good NARRATIVE NONFICTION lately, I think they would be surprised to discover that Americans are really reading at HIGHER rates than their latest report shows!"

Her comments are a wake-up call to the literary world. Nonfiction is the fastest growing genre in the publishing industry and in the academic writing community. Why is the NEA so far behind on this?

Scott Whited, who teaches creative nonfiction at Colorado State University in Pueblo, recently contacted me to discuss the "role of persuasion" in creative nonfiction, saying:

Standard rhetorical essays usually take a position in the form of a Claim (Academic Argument, I think we call it in our freshman Comp classes here) and then support it with logos, pathos, and ethos. My sense is that this is not a primary--or possibly even legitimate--goal for CNF.

One student is writing about global warming. He has strong opinions about it. I told him that I was more interested in the insights he could provide his reader about the "human condition" as it is demonstrated and reflected by various attitudes and intensity of feeling that people have regarding global warming. I told him that his goal as a CNF writer was not so much to persuade a reader to agree with a presented position on a topic--in this case GW--but to illustrate and illuminate our humanity through the lens of the GW debate.

Am I off-base by telling him this? Is there a legit place in CNF for advocacy, for persuasion?

Any insight you can give will be, as always, much appreciated.

Here is what I told Scott:

I would say that almost all creative nonfiction has an objective that is persuasive. What is the point of writing an essay if we don't want to impact on a reader--shed light, change minds, confirm ideas, whatever? The challenge in creative nonfiction is how to get to the moment of impact--the persuasive aspect. And that is through narrative. We show--we don't tell--or at least we don't tell too much. The idea is to observe or learn about the experiences of others and communicate all of that in scene and narrative. The stories we tell--the pictures we draw in prose--should be vivid and graphic enough for us to persuade without having to beat our readers over the head. This doesn't mean that we can't add to the pictures with a bit of reflection--though not too much. The story should make the difference. The story should reflect what we, or the people about whom we are writing, think.

Scott's reply:

Would I be on the right track if I interpret your remarks as saying that CNF seeks to persuade through narrative, but stops short of outright advocacy?

Absolutely.

*********

For more information on persuasion in creative nonfiction, check out KEEP IT REAL: EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT RESEARCHING AND WRITING CREATIVE NONFICTION.